Correction And Retraction

Archipel is committed to keeping the scholarly record accurate, transparent, and complete. Any change made to an article after publication is done only under specific conditions and follows recognized practices in academic publishing.

- ERRATUM

An erratum is a statement prepared by the authors of the original article to correct errors or omissions that occurred during writing or production. If the corrections affect the article's conclusions, this is clearly stated. The corrected article remains available online, with an erratum notice that is openly accessible and linked to the updated version.

- RETRACTION

A retraction means that an article should no longer be considered part of the scientific literature. A retraction may be issued when:

- The findings are unreliable due to misconduct or unintentional error.
- The findings have been published elsewhere without proper citation, permission, or justification (duplicate publication).
- The article contains plagiarism.
- The research was conducted unethically.

To preserve the scholarly record, retracted articles remain online but are clearly marked with a retraction notice that is freely accessible and linked to the original content. A retraction can be initiated by the authors — for example, when they discover a major error themselves — or by the editors or publisher. Every retraction notice states the reason and the party responsible for the decision. If not all authors agree to the retraction, this is noted clearly. In rare cases involving legal violations, the publisher may redact or remove the article while keeping the bibliographic information available.

- PUBLISHER'S NOTE

A publisher's note tells readers that an article has been corrected after publication because of production or typographical errors caused by the publisher that affect metadata (title, authorship, byline) or seriously affect understanding of the article. In such cases, the original version may be removed and replaced with the corrected one, and the publisher's note is made freely available.

Minor errors that do not affect metadata, clarity, or scientific validity may be corrected at the discretion of the publisher.

- IMPLEMENTATION DETAILS

- The date of any correction is shown clearly on the updated article.
- An original article may be replaced by a corrected version only within one year of its original publication date.
- For articles older than one year, corrections are recorded through a publisher's note rather than full replacement.

Archipel follows recognized standards in publication ethics, including the COPE Guidelines for Retracting Articles (https://publicationethics.org/retraction-guidelines).